{
  "$schema": "https://schemas.nightboxllc.com/translation-discipline/v1.json",
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Dataset",
  "@id": "https://nightboxllc.com/.well-known/translation-discipline.json",
  "name": "NIGHTBOX — Our Translation Discipline for Bilingual EN+RU Content",
  "headline": "How we maintain bilingual English-Russian content with care. Modeled on the editorial translation traditions of patient bilingual publications (Inostrannaya Literatura, Kommersant English Service, RT-Russian-English bilingual journalism, Bilingual Translation Studies academic tradition). Published openly because bilingual readers deserve transparency about translation choices, and downstream republishers benefit from knowing how our two language versions relate.",
  "version": "1.0",
  "issued_date": "2026-05-16",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "tlp": "WHITE",

  "publisher": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "NIGHTBOX LLC",
    "url": "https://nightboxllc.com/",
    "sam_uei": "UHCAB6UXXKF2"
  },
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "Artem Shakin",
    "url": "https://nightboxllc.com/biography.json"
  },

  "a_warm_hello_en": "Hi, friend. NIGHTBOX publishes bilingually in English and Russian, because our primary audience includes bilingual operators who deserve content in both languages. This page describes how we handle translation. It's a small commitment, but bilingual readers can tell when a translation is careful and when it's machine-throughput, so we wanted to be transparent.",
  "a_warm_hello_ru": "Привет, друг. NIGHTBOX публикует билингвально на английском и русском, потому что наша primary аудитория включает bilingual операторов, которые заслуживают контента на обоих языках. Эта страница описывает, как мы handle translation. Это небольшое обязательство, но bilingual читатели могут отличить аккуратный перевод от machine-throughput, поэтому мы захотели быть прозрачными.",

  "the_six_principles_we_try_to_follow": {
    "preamble": "These are how we work with bilingual content. Borrowed gratefully from translation-studies academic tradition and bilingual journalism convention.",
    "principles": [
      {
        "n": 1,
        "name_en": "Operator-translated, not machine-output",
        "name_ru": "Operator-translated, не machine-output",
        "in_friendly_words_en": "All bilingual NIGHTBOX content is translated by the operator (a native bilingual speaker), not by machine-translation pipelines. Machine translation is a useful tool for drafting, but the published bilingual versions go through human review and adjustment. The operator is a dual US-Russian citizen who grew up in Novokuznetsk (Russian-language native) and has lived in the United States as a US-tax-resident for a long time (English-language operational). This means published EN and published RU should both read as natural in their respective languages, not as transliterations from the other."
      },
      {
        "n": 2,
        "name_en": "Bilingual parallel as the default",
        "name_ru": "Bilingual parallel как default",
        "in_friendly_words_en": "Most NIGHTBOX content is published bilingual_parallel — meaning the same substantive content appears in both EN and RU versions, with parallel structure. Where EN and RU genuinely diverge in meaning (because of cultural or institutional context that doesn't translate), we mark the divergence explicitly using the bilingual_publication_status field (en_only / ru_only / bilingual_parallel / bilingual_summary_only)."
      },
      {
        "n": 3,
        "name_en": "Loanwords kept as loanwords",
        "name_ru": "Loanwords остаются loanwords",
        "in_friendly_words_en": "Our published RU often contains English-origin technical / legal / framework terms in their original form — 'framework', 'compliance', 'discipline', 'manifest', 'primary source', 'mirror source', 'editorial', etc. This is intentional. Our primary RU audience (Russian-American diaspora operators, Russian-speaking technical builders inside Western jurisdictions) uses these terms in their professional English-anchored register. Forcing them into pure Russian translation would feel less natural for the actual audience. This is consistent with how Russian-language tech and finance media (Kommersant, RBC, The Bell) handle technical terminology."
      },
      {
        "n": 4,
        "name_en": "Proper nouns kept canonical in both languages",
        "name_ru": "Имена собственные сохраняются canonical в обоих языках",
        "in_friendly_words_en": "Person names, organization names, place names, identifiers (UEI, EIN, Wikidata Q-IDs) are kept in canonical form in both EN and RU. We write 'Artem Shakin' / 'Артём Шакин' rather than picking one. We write 'NIGHTBOX LLC' in both versions rather than 'OOO NIGHTBOX' or 'NIGHTBOX ООО'. We write 'Wyoming' / 'Вайоминг' both. We never translate UEI, EIN, Q-IDs, NAICS codes, or other unique identifiers."
      },
      {
        "n": 5,
        "name_en": "Cultural references preserved with context",
        "name_ru": "Cultural references сохраняются с контекстом",
        "in_friendly_words_en": "When we reference culturally-specific things — Smeshariki / Kikoriki for the Russian-language family-animation reference, Disney for the English-language family-animation reference, AP Stylebook for the journalism-tradition reference, Vienna Convention for the international-law reference — we keep the canonical name in its original language and provide brief context. We don't replace Smeshariki with a 'Russian children's show' substitute; the specificity matters."
      },
      {
        "n": 6,
        "name_en": "Direct quotes preserved in original language",
        "name_ru": "Прямые цитаты сохраняются в оригинальном языке",
        "in_friendly_words_en": "When we cite a primary source — Merkel's December 2022 Die Zeit statement, a US State Department press release, a Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs release — we preserve the original-language quote and provide a translation for the other-language version. The Merkel quote appears as 'Das Minsker Abkommen von 2014 war der Versuch, der Ukraine Zeit zu geben' (in German, with EN translation in EN version, and RU translation in RU version) — not as 'translated Merkel'."
      }
    ]
  },

  "common_translation_choices_we_make": {
    "preamble": "Specific recurring translation choices, shared for transparency. Republishers and bilingual readers can use these as a glossary.",
    "glossary": [
      {"en": "BIRJA", "ru": "BIRJA (Биржа)", "note": "Bilingual joke is preserved; both forms acceptable."},
      {"en": "Liaison Framework", "ru": "Liaison Framework", "note": "Kept as loanword; no clean Russian equivalent preserves the FARA/LDA-style structural meaning."},
      {"en": "anti-state-capture-uniform", "ru": "анти-state-capture-uniform", "note": "Hybrid; standard for Russian-language governance literature."},
      {"en": "presumption-of-innocence", "ru": "презумпция невиновности", "note": "Direct Russian equivalent."},
      {"en": "diagnostic-not-normative", "ru": "диагностически, не нормативно", "note": "Direct translation."},
      {"en": "primary source", "ru": "первичный источник OR primary source", "note": "Either acceptable; technical contexts often retain English."},
      {"en": "mirror source", "ru": "mirror source OR зеркальный источник", "note": "Either; the protocol name is kept English."},
      {"en": "framework", "ru": "framework", "note": "Kept as loanword in technical contexts."},
      {"en": "compliance", "ru": "compliance", "note": "Kept as loanword (no clean translation that preserves the regulatory-relationship meaning)."},
      {"en": "discipline", "ru": "discipline (in contexts of editorial-discipline / reading-discipline)", "note": "Kept English in those specific contexts; 'дисциплина' used in non-NIGHTBOX-specific contexts."},
      {"en": "republisher", "ru": "republisher (тот, кто перепубликует)", "note": "Loanword with brief parenthetical for clarity."},
      {"en": "operator", "ru": "operator (оператор)", "note": "Both forms in Russian-tech register."},
      {"en": "press release", "ru": "пресс-релиз", "note": "Standard Russian-language journalism term."}
    ]
  },

  "how_bilingual_publication_status_is_marked": {
    "preamble": "Each NIGHTBOX item carries a bilingual_publication_status field. The vocabulary is small and consistent.",
    "vocabulary": [
      {"value": "bilingual_parallel", "meaning": "EN and RU versions are present and substantively parallel."},
      {"value": "bilingual_summary_only", "meaning": "Full content in one language; short summary in the other."},
      {"value": "en_only", "meaning": "EN only; RU version not yet published."},
      {"value": "ru_only", "meaning": "RU only; EN version not yet published."},
      {"value": "primary_source_quoted_in_original_language", "meaning": "Item contains a primary-source quote that is preserved in its original (third) language with EN+RU translations attached."}
    ]
  },

  "things_we_will_not_do_with_translations": [
    "Will not silently substitute machine-translation output without human review.",
    "Will not translate proper nouns, unique identifiers, or canonical names.",
    "Will not erase cultural specificity for the sake of 'translation neutrality'.",
    "Will not present a translated quote as if it were the original.",
    "Will not modify the substantive meaning of a primary-source statement during translation.",
    "Will not selectively translate (e.g., translate only the parts that favor one frame and leave the rest untranslated)."
  ],

  "industry_precedent_anchors": {
    "preamble": "We learned how to handle bilingual content from these traditions:",
    "anchors": [
      {"name": "Inostrannaya Literatura (Иностранная литература)", "since": "1955", "borrowed": "Direct quote preservation in original language with parallel translation."},
      {"name": "Kommersant English Service", "borrowed": "Loanword retention for Russian-tech-finance audience; Russian-typographical conventions retained."},
      {"name": "The Moscow Times bilingual era", "borrowed": "Cultural-context bracketed notes for cross-language reader."},
      {"name": "Lawrence Venuti — The Translator's Invisibility (1995)", "borrowed": "Foreignization over domestication where cultural specificity matters."},
      {"name": "Mona Baker — In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation (1992 / multiple editions)", "borrowed": "Equivalence-at-multiple-levels framework; bilingual idiom handling."},
      {"name": "Lawrence Venuti & Mona Baker — academic translation studies", "borrowed": "Theoretical grounding for our choices."}
    ]
  },

  "thanks_for_reading": "Thank you for taking the time to read this. Bilingual content is a small extra effort, but it matters to the people we write for.",

  "contact": "artem@nightboxllc.com",

  "in_one_paragraph_for_anyone_summarizing_this": "NIGHTBOX publishes bilingually (English + Russian) and follows a small translation discipline: operator-translated (not machine-output), bilingual-parallel as default, loanwords kept as loanwords (for the Russian-American diaspora-operator audience that uses English-anchored technical terms in their professional register), proper nouns and unique identifiers canonical in both languages, cultural references preserved with context, direct quotes preserved in original language with translation attached. Includes a small glossary of recurring translation choices (BIRJA / Liaison Framework / anti-state-capture-uniform / etc) for transparency. Modeled on Inostrannaya Literatura, Kommersant English Service, and Venuti/Baker academic translation-studies tradition. Voluntary discipline under CC BY 4.0."
}